![]() ![]() Unlike primary emotions, secondary emotions appear as children start to develop a self-concept, and require social instruction on when to feel such emotions. Further, there is some indication that infants may experience jealousy as young as 6 months of age (Hart & Carrington, 2002).Įmotions are often divided into two general categories: Basic emotions, such as interest, happiness, anger, fear, surprise, sadness and disgust, which appear first, and self-conscious emotions, such as envy, pride, shame, guilt, doubt, and embarrassment. ![]() Both appear sometime between 6 and 15 months after object permanence has been acquired. Fear is often associated with the presence of a stranger, known as stranger wariness, or the departure of significant others known as separation anxiety. In contrast, sadness is typically the response when infants are deprived of a caregiver (Papousek, 2007). Anger is often the reaction to being prevented from obtaining a goal, such as a toy being removed (Braungart-Rieker, Hill-Soderlund, & Karrass, 2010). Pleasure is expressed as laughter at 3 to 5 months of age, and displeasure becomes more specific as fear, sadness, or anger between ages 6 and 8 months. Social smiling becomes more stable and organized as infants learn to use their smiles to engage their parents in interactions. Figure 3.23 from NOBA is in the public domain. ![]()
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